Andrade,+L.

Research Paper


 * My first topic is Aerodynamics. Aerodynamics is the study of the properties of the moving air. It is a branch of dynamics concerned with the study of how the air interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is related to gas dynamics, but gas dynamics applies to all gases. Understanding the flow field around an object lets the calculations of forces and moments acting on an object. Other typical properties include pressure, velocity, density, and temperature as a function of position and time. Problems in aerodynamics can be classified. One is External aerodynamic which is the study of flow around objects and various shapes. The other one is Internal and it means study of flow through passage in solid objects. Aerodynamics problems are classified if the flow speed is below, near, or above the speed of sound. Some paper airplanes don’t really look like real airplanes, why? Because most full size airplanes have wings, a tail, and a fuselage or body that holds the pilot and passengers. Most paper airplanes just have a wing and a fold of paper on the bottom from where to hold it from, but the main reason is to make it as easy and as quick as possible. Anyways, does the weight affect flight? Well, the answer is weight forward is good because in every object there is a center of gravity. If an airplane has a center of gravity ahead of the neutral point (where all the mass is balanced) then the plane is stable. But if the center of gravity is ahead or behind the neutral point, then it becomes unstable which causes nose-dives and spins. Does material matter? Paper airplanes usually have short “stubby” wings called “low aspect ratio”. The ratio of wing span to average chord is called “aspect ratio” which is an important characteristic of wings. Well, paper is a lousy building material and there’s a reason why real airplanes are not made of paper. Even though high aspect ratio wings reduce drags, they require better building materials as well. The low strength of paper doesn’t allow the use of high aspect ratio wings. So, with a thicker material or paper, it is easier to make high aspect ratio wings. With thicker material or paper it is easier to make an airplane with high aspect ratio. Now, I will be telling you about drag, also known as air resistance or fluid resistance refers to forces which act on a solid object in direction of the relative fluid flow velocity. Unlike other resistive forces such as dry friction, drag forces depend on velocity. Drag forces decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid it the fluid’s path. Some examples of drag include the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement of solid objects relative to the earth as for cars, aircrafts, and boat hulls acting in the same geographical direction of movement as the solid, as for sails on a downwind sailboat, or intermediate directions on a sail depending of the points of sail. In viscous drag of fluid I a pipe, drag force on the immobile pipe decreases fluid velocity relative to the pipe. Next is surface area which is the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in square units. A mathematical description of surface area is more involved than the definition of arch length of a curve. Some people believe that paper airplanes are just some basic and cheap children’s toy, but beyond that, there is lots lo learn about the physics of an airplane. Certain factors determine whether an airplane will fly, such as lift, drag, and weight. They must generate enough lift to oppose the weight. A plane gains lift by moving through the air with an initial velocity. That velocity is created when the paper plane is thrown. But, because the airplane is flying through the air, it has drag, which is the opposing force, like friction on the ground. The paper airplane’s velocity will decrease because of drag, and the plane will fall to the floor. Back in the 19th century, a generous man named Lawrence Hargraves invented the box kite. Lawrence Hargraves was one of the world’s early pioneers of aerodynamics and the effects of air as it passes a moving object. He was a generous man, and it was shown as he refused to patent his discovery rather preferring that it be available to anyone who could benefit from it. His invention, one which flew up to a height of 16 feet above the ground, was one of the most influential in the further study of the aerodynamics and development of the curved wing. There are many factors that engineers must take into consideration when they are designing airplanes to make sure it stays airborne. Of course, who can forget the Wright Bros. Orville and Wilbur Wright which were the ones who made the first successful experiment, in which a machine carrying a man rose by its own power, flew naturally and at even speed and descended without damage. However, before the first plane was invented by the Wright Brothers, inventors made very numerous attempts to make like birds and fly. Well, these early inventions included kites, hot air balloons, airships, gliders, and many other devices. “Flight is possible to man [and] I do feel that it will soon cost me an increased amount of money if not, it will cost my life”-Wilbur Wright Co-inventor of the first ever engine airplane. Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1868-1912) had requested a patent application for a “flying machine” nine months before their first successful flight (they were that confident). As part of their systematic practice photographing every test and prototype of their various flying machines, they persuaded an attendant from a nearby lifesaving station to snap Orville Wright in full flight. The craft soared to an altitude of 10 feet and traveled 120 feet and landed 12 seconds after takeoff. After that, they sent a telegram to their father instructing him to tell the press that manned flight had taken place. This gave birth to the first real airplane. Now, it is important to realize the basics of why paper airplanes fly, and why full size airplanes fly, are identical although they are different in size and shape. They create lift and drag and are either stable or unstable for the same reasons. However, paper airplanes look different from most airplanes. The reason they generally look different is because of very practical reasons, but not necessarily due to aerodynamics. There are also some definite aerodynamic differences between paper airplanes and full-size airplanes. These differences are not really so apparent thought, but do affect how paper airplanes fly. Inventors continued to improve airplanes after the Wright Brothers, and this led obviously to the invention of jets, which are used by both the military and commercial airlines. A jet is an airplane propelled by jet engines. Jets fly very much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes - as high as 10,000 to 15,000 meters (about 33,000 to 49,000 feet). Two engineers, Frank Whittle of the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain of Germany, developed the jet engine during the late 1930s. The brothers later built a movable track to help launch the Flyer. The downhill track would help the plane gain enough speed to fly. The first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9th, 1904. That’s how the airplane legend started, and now different types and size of airplanes started!

12.)Which homemade airplane design flies best?

My opinion on science is that it is a way of explaining, discovering, and observing new things about the universe. Also, science can help us with other subjects such as math, writing, and reading because of its challenging questions and sometimes additional math problems to it. Science helps us understand more about life and its changes by teaching us the changes in the human body and nervous system. There are also fun activities like “labs” to understand better and make the topic a lot more fun than usual. Also, science is a very important source because it helps us understand more about the world around us and without science we wouldn’t understand today’s world and what is happening to it and we wouldn’t keep up with everything that is happening on Earth and computers, iPods and all advanced technology would not exist. Everyone can learn science, even kids, young adults, adults, and the elderly can also learn about science, everyone has the right to learn at any age. The one thing that I love from science is that we learn new things and they’re also interesting topics that kids and adults like to explore in science. Science sometimes inspires people or children to become something in life out of many choices sometimes we can’t choose but with some science explanation of what they do we can have a little bit of more experience in it and see if we like it. Now you know my opinion in science, my favorite.

__ Questions: __ In a Paragraph or more tell the class your Interests, favorite subjects, favorite topics in science, least favorite topics in science, and what you Would Like to Learn This Year

hello everyone, my name is Lania I'll tell you a little about myself..... Let's see, my interests are math and science and my favorite topic in science is diseases...... My least favorite topic is clouds and waves.... This year i would like to learn more about the disease "smallpox" as it shows in the book "code orange"