Soto-Angulo

=Problem statement- What types of acids affect metals under varying conditions= = = =Hypothesis- If we test Lemon juice in this experiment, than it will affect the metal best=

=Independent Variables- Lime juice, And Coca-cola=

=Dependent Variables- The amount of time it takes to affect the metal=

=Controlled Variables- It is the amount of acid used, the metal used (Penny), the amount of time, and the temperature= = =

=Procedures-= 1. First you gather all of your materials

2. Then, You grab a penny and place it on the plate

3 . Then measure the amount of acid, and pour

4. Then wait for 5 minutes

5. After 5 minutes take off the coin and dry it

6. Finally just observe the coin and see the difference = = Data
 * =Trial#1= || =Coca-cola= ||= =It barely cleaned the dirty penny= ||
 * =Trial#2= || =Coca-cola= || =It barely cleaned the penny= ||
 * =Trial#3= || =Coca-cola= || =It barely cleaned the dirty penny= ||
 * =Trial#4= || =Lemon juice= || =It cleaned more than Coca-cola= ||
 * =Trail#5= || =Lemon juice= || =It cleaned more than Coca-cola= ||
 * =Trial#6= || =Lemon juice= || =It cleaned a little bit= ||

= = =Conclusion=

=In this experiment the acid that affected the penny best was the Lemon juice=

=Results=

=In this experiment my hypothesis was correct. My hypothesis was that the Lemon juice was going to affect the coin best, and the data proves this theory was right. The Lemon juice cleaned the coins a little better than Coca-cola. And this was my project.=

Daniela Soto Period.3 November-11-11

Research paper:

What are Acids and Bases? An acid is a substance which reacts with a base. A base is a substance that can accept protons or more generally, donate electron pairs. And a pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Acids and bases are in our soil, also in our food and products. Acids are also in a lot of our foods and drinks we like, and are an acid in our stomachs or just say our digestive systems which help us digest our food better. The soap we use and the pills we use for upset stomach which is called bases. The acids can be also identified by the reaction it makes with types of metals. “An Acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. A Basic solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions” – Glencoe Science Chemistry: Matter and Change. “Strong acids are acids that are ionized completely. An acid that ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution is defined as a weak acid. Strong basses dissociate entirely into metal ions and Hydroxide ions. Weak base ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution to form the conjugate acid of the base and hydroxide ion.”- Glencoe Science Chemistry: Matter and Change. What is pH? pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, for example acidic solutions have pH values below 7, and basic solutions have pH values above 7. A neutralization reaction is a reaction in which an acid and a base react in aqueous solution to produce salt and water. When the solution becomes more acidic the pH decreases, and when the solution becomes more basic the pH increases. Chemical Reactions. A chemical reaction is the process of by which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances, also known as chemical change. Chemical reactions affect every part of our life’s on Earth like for example: Chemical reaction breaks down our food to contain the energy that we need to live, it also produces fiber on animals such as wool or cotton which we use to make clothes, sheets, blankets, and many more things. When temperature changes it can show chemical reaction. Many reactions such as when a forest fire occurs, it releases energy in form of light and heat, and other reactions absorb heat. Another way that you can tell that is chemical change is when color changes, like for example when a metal changes colors after a while. Synthesis reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to produce a single product. An example of synthesis reaction is the reaction of chlorine gas and iron. A combustion reaction is when a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy in form of light and heat. The synthesis reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be also known as a combustion reaction. When coal is burn to collect energy combustion reaction occurs. Coal is considered a fossil fuel because it contains the remains of plants that lived a long time ago. Some chemical reactions are really the opposite of synthesis reaction. This is also known as decomposition reaction. Decomposition reaction is one in which a single compound is broken into two or more elements or new compounds. A single- replacement reaction is a reaction in which atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound. A double-replacement reaction is when it involves an exchange of ions between two compounds. Precipitate is a solid produced during a chemical reaction in a solution. A solution forms when a substance dissolves in water. Solutes are one or more substances that dissolve in water. A solvent is a liquid solid or gas that dissolves other substances. And a aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. What are Reaction Rates? A reaction rate is the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates help us control chemical reactions and use them well. Experimental data, reaction rates are calculated. In order to form products the reactants in a chemical reaction must come together, the collision theory states that atoms, ions, and molecules must crash to react. An activated complex is a temporary, unstable arrangement of atoms that may form products or may break apart to reform the reactants. An activated complex is the first step to the resulting chemical reaction. An activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that reacting particles must have to form the activated complex and lead to a reaction. The reactive nature of reactants is an important factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction. When the concentrations of reacting particles are increased reactions speed up. The rate of which reaction takes place, the number of particles in a reaction makes a difference. If you were to lower a red-hot chunk of steel instead of steel wool into a flask of oxygen gas, the oxygen would react much more slower than how it would have had reacted with the steel wool. Steel wool has more surface area then steel, the greater amount of surface area of the steel wood allows the oxygen molecules to collide with many more iron atoms per unit time. Grinding a substance is a way to increase its way of reaction, because for the same mass, small particles possess more surface area than large particles. When a reaction increases the reaction rate that means the temperature was increased too, for example: Food spoils more in a regular room temperature than when it’s refrigerated. When the temperature of a substance increases, the average kinetic energy of particles that make up the substance increases also. The reacting particles crash more frequently at higher temperatures than lower temperatures. When you increase the temperature of the reactants, the reaction rate increases because raising the kinetic energy of the reacting particles raises both collision frequency and collision energy. The reaction order for a reactant defines how the rate is affected by the concentration of that reactant. The method of initial rates determines reaction order by comparing the initial rates of a reaction carried out with varying reactants concentrations. And that is my research paper.

= = media type="custom" key="11273584" height="19"

**Project i'm going to do:** =Chemistry 20.)How do acids react with different metals under varying conditions?=

= = =<span style="color: #0f17b8; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Hello, I'm Daniela my interests are Drawing, painting, and learning new things.** = =<span style="color: #0f17b8; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**My favorite subjects are P.E, Art ,Math ,And Science.** = =<span style="color: #0f17b8; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**My favorite topic in Science is weather, and my least favorite is sounds.** = =<span style="color: #0f17b8; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**What i would like to learn this year: New things that I haven't learned yet.** =